Vaping, Smoking and Your Gums: What Is Proven

Reviewed 31 August 2026. Numbers come from two Cochrane-adjacent sources (a 2025 Cochrane smoking-cessation review of 104 studies and a meta-analysis of e-cigarette effects on periodontal health), five systematic reviews and meta-analyses, one prospective meta-analysis of quitting, three large reviews of gingival recession, and three public policy documents — each listed at the end with its PMID or reference. Written for adults who switched to vaping and were told it is harmless, and for clinicians fielding that claim. Not medical advice.

The short answers

• Vaping is not neutral for the gums, and it is not equivalent to smoking. The best-pooled evidence describes a gradient: a 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of ten studies on e-cigarettes and periodontal health found that e-cigarette users are at greater risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers but lower risk than cigarette smokers, with pooled probing depth higher in e-smokers than non-smokers (MD −1.91 mm, 95% CI −3.36 to −0.47; p = 0.01) and plaque index worse (MD −20.63, 95% CI −28.04 to −13.21), while cigarette smokers with periodontitis had greater probing depth still (MD 0.43, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.79; p = 0.02) (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518).
• A separate thirteen-study review reached the same ordering with a detail that matters clinically: cigarette smokers had higher gingival index, worse plaque index, lower bleeding on probing, deeper pockets (probing depth over 3 mm) and greater attachment loss than both vapers and non-smokers (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186). Lower bleeding is not better — it is nicotine-induced vasoconstriction hiding the sign you use to detect inflammation, which is also the explanation given for why all three nicotine habits show bone loss and inflammation “despite reduced bleeding” in the peri-implant literature (Bangiev et al., J Oral Maxillofac Res 2025-10-01, PMID 41756536).
• Mouth ecology changes measurably. A 2026 systematic review of molecular studies comparing e-cigarette users with never-smokers and current smokers found alpha diversity results inconsistent, but beta diversity more consistently separating e-cigarette users into distinct microbial communities, with sample-dependent enrichment of genera including Veillonella, Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium; the authors graded the certainty as very low because the designs were predominantly cross-sectional (La Rosa et al., J Clin Periodontol 2026-06-01, PMID 41856754). A separate meta-analytic review found e-cigarette users may have higher caries prevalence and, on pooling, no clear effect on salivary TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, with the caveat that only one study contributed data for some of those markers (Tabnjh et al., Front Oral Health 2025-01-01, PMID 40291822).
• Youth data are sparse and consistently negative: a scoping review of people aged 12 to 24 found seven studies, reporting associations between vaping and dental caries, xerostomia, gingival conditions, oral lesions and fractured teeth, plus altered salivary and microflora composition, while noting that young people’s awareness of these effects is low (Tran et al., Int J Paediatr Dent 2026-07-01, PMID 41992606). A systematic review restricted to adolescents and young adults kept eight observational studies and rated overall certainty of evidence low for all outcomes, finding increased caries risk, higher gingival inflammation prevalence, altered salivary flow and pH, changes in oral microbiota including increased Porphyromonas gingivalis, and elevated frequencies of micronuclei in oral mucosal cells (Machuca-Portillo et al., J Clin Med 2026-05-01, PMID 42194847).
• Quitting helps the periodontium, and the effect is time-limited in the data available. A 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (six studies, 1,934 participants) found short-term improvement in probing depth at three months after cessation (SMD −1.08, 95% CI −1.84 to −0.31), but no sustained association at 12 months (probing depth p = 0.10; attachment level p = 0.27) and no significant associations for bleeding on probing or plaque index at any interval; the authors call for higher-quality studies with longer follow-up (Xie et al., Front Oral Health 2026-01-01, PMID 42591600).
• If you are using e-cigarettes to stop smoking, the quit evidence is genuinely strong and should not be dismissed by a dentist. The 2025 Cochrane review of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation included 104 completed studies with 30,366 participants (61 randomised), and found nicotine e-cigarettes produce higher quit rates than nicotine replacement therapy (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.88; I² = 0%; 9 studies, 2,703 participants), which the authors translate into about three additional quitters per 100 people treated (95% CI 2 to 5 more); adverse-event rates were probably similar (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.37; I² = 58%; 7 studies, 2,241 participants), and for serious adverse events there was insufficient evidence due to very serious imprecision (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.03; 8 studies, 2,950 participants) (Lindson et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025-11-01, PMID 41212103).
• “Safer for your mouth” is a claim that has been directly tested against disease categories, and oral disease is the exception where the difference disappears. An updated systematic review of 142 odds ratios from 124 articles comparing e-cigarette with cigarette use found oral disease OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.02) — statistically indistinguishable from no difference — while cardiovascular disease (0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.99), stroke (0.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.82), asthma (0.84, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.95) and COPD (0.55, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.76) all favoured e-cigarettes; dual use was worse than cigarette use alone for every outcome (range 1.22 to 1.42) (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869).
• Smokeless nicotine products injure the gum margin mechanically as well as chemically. A 2026 systematic review of Swedish snus — 26 studies from 2,176 screened — found snus associated with gingival recession, particularly loose snus, with mechanical pressure and cytotoxic effects implicated; gingivitis was more prevalent even after controlling for plaque; no significant association with periodontitis was found, and caries evidence was inconsistent (Bankvall et al., Acta Odontol Scand 2026-02-01, PMID 41649495).
• Gum recession itself is common, quantified and not reversible by hygiene products. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 studies put pooled prevalence at 81.1% (95% CI 73.9 to 86.7) for recessions of ≥ 1 mm, 48.4% (39.7 to 57.2) for ≥ 3 mm and 16.2% (9.1 to 27.4) for ≥ 5 mm, with male sex (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.53) and alcohol consumption (OR 3.20, 95% CI 1.74 to 5.87) among the significant risk factors (Marschner et al., J Dent 2025-04-01, PMID 39988303). In university students specifically, a review of nine studies (1,619 participants) found prevalence ranging 29.4% to 82.6%, with brushing technique and force among the linked factors (Ferreira et al., Eur Oral Res 2026-01-01, PMID 41659150).
• The surgical fix exists, and it can relapse. A review of long-term outcomes of coronally advanced flap, alone or with a connective tissue graft, reports satisfactory short-term coverage with gradual apical relapse over time, particularly where the tissue phenotype is inadequate, and progressive reduction in complete root coverage over follow-ups of five years and beyond (Zucchelli et al., Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01, PMID 42298865). Recession surgery is a purchase of position, not immunity: the habit that aggravated it still matters.

What nicotine does to a periodontium, mechanism first

Three separable effects explain most of the findings above. Vasoconstriction: nicotine reduces gingival blood flow, so bleeding on probing — the routine clinical signal for inflammation — under-reports disease in exactly the people who have more of it; this is why the thirteen-study review records lower bleeding with higher attachment loss (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186) and why the peri-implant review describes bone loss and inflammation “despite reduced bleeding” across cigarette, waterpipe and e-cigarette use (Bangiev et al., J Oral Maxillofac Res 2025-10-01, PMID 41756536). Microbial shift: the molecular studies find distinct communities rather than simply “more bacteria”, with enrichment of anaerobic genera (La Rosa et al., J Clin Periodontol 2026-06-01, PMID 41856754). Flow and buffering: altered salivary flow and pH appear in the youth review (Machuca-Portillo et al., J Clin Med 2026-05-01, PMID 42194847), and xerostomia is listed among the reported outcomes in the young-person scoping review (Tran et al., Int J Paediatr Dent 2026-07-01, PMID 41992606) — which is the mechanism by which an aerosol habit raises caries risk without any sugar being involved, and the same route our dry-mouth review documents for medications.

That triad also explains why the honest statement to a patient is not “vaping rots your gums” but “vaping makes your gums harder to screen and slightly worse, and it removes the signal we rely on to catch the damage early”. Screening, not reassurance, is the actionable part.

How strong is each piece of evidence here

Reading a risk gradient without over- or under-selling it

The single most misused sentence in this field is “vaping is less harmful than smoking”. Read as evidence, the periodontal literature supports three things at once: (1) non-smokers are best off; (2) e-cigarette users are measurably worse than non-smokers (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518) (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186); (3) cigarette smokers are worse still on attachment and pocket outcomes (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518). That is a gradient, and a gradient is not a licence. Two additional facts break the marketing version entirely. First, for oral disease specifically, the comparison of e-cigarette against cigarette shows no difference at all (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.02) even though other organ systems do show benefit (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869) — the mouth looks like the exception. Second, dual use (both products) is associated with higher odds than cigarette use alone across outcomes (1.22 to 1.42) (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869), which is the failure mode of most real-world switching: people do not replace, they add.

The public-health scale of that trade-off is not trivial: a 2026 review notes roughly 100 million adults and 15 million adolescents currently use e-cigarettes, and that according to WHO as of 2025 some 88 countries have no minimum-age restriction and 74 have no regulation at all, with the oral findings summarised as higher caries risk, greater staining of teeth and restorations, more xerostomia, gingival inflammation and greater prevalence of periodontal and peri-implant disease compared with non-users, plus nicotine stomatitis, hairy tongue and angular cheilitis (Kumar et al., Int Dent J 2026-06-01, PMID 41932095).

Secondhand smoke, the group nobody asks about

Non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are the population in which the association is least expected and, in this dataset, quite clearly present: a meta-analysis of 14 studies covering 115,925 adults found a significant association with periodontitis (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.76) with substantial heterogeneity, and — importantly for honesty about what is not shown — a null association with tooth loss (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.31). Subgroup analysis found stronger associations where exposure was assessed by biomarker rather than reported (Ye et al., BMC Oral Health 2026-03-01, PMID 41772555). If a patient’s partner smokes, the periodontal risk is not that patient’s private habit, and the same logic should make a household that vapes explain to a family why the child’s gingival bleeding at brushing is being taken seriously.

What to do, by situation

• If you smoke and vape both: the outcome with the best evidence is to eliminate both, but if the choice is between “both” and “only vaping”, the cessation literature supports the latter as a step, with the honest caveat that oral disease is where switching has not been shown to reduce risk (Lindson et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025-11-01, PMID 41212103) (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869).
• If you vape and have no symptoms: ask to be screened more carefully than bleeding suggests — probing depths recorded, not just bleeding — because nicotine masks the routine signal (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186) (Bangiev et al., J Oral Maxillofac Res 2025-10-01, PMID 41756536). Ask for a record of your recession in millimetres, so change is measurable (Marschner et al., J Dent 2025-04-01, PMID 39988303).
• If you vape and your gums bleed more: that is not improvement, that is unmasking — and it is the reason to be seen now rather than at the next routine recall.
• If you are trying to quit smoking with a device: the Cochrane data support nicotine e-cigarettes as more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for quitting (RR 1.55; 1.28 to 1.88), so a dentist’s job here is to support the quit attempt and manage the mouth, not to talk you out of the only thing that has worked (Lindson et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025-11-01, PMID 41212103).
• If you use snus or pouches: place matters more than strength for the gum margin; the review’s strongest signal is recession associated with the product, and gingivitis surviving adjustment for plaque (Bankvall et al., Acta Odontol Scand 2026-02-01, PMID 41649495).
• If you have recession and are being offered surgery: ask about phenotype and about relapse, because long-term data show gradual apical regression even after good coverage (Zucchelli et al., Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01, PMID 42298865), and ask what will change in your habits — brushing force, product placement, tobacco — before the graft (Ferreira et al., Eur Oral Res 2026-01-01, PMID 41659150).
• For a teenager who vapes: the review evidence is low-certainty but uniformly negative across caries, dry mouth, gingival conditions and tooth fracture, and awareness is documented as low (Tran et al., Int J Paediatr Dent 2026-07-01, PMID 41992606) (Machuca-Portillo et al., J Clin Med 2026-05-01, PMID 42194847). Ask at every visit, and document the answer.

How to read this like a clinician

• Do not use bleeding on probing alone as your periodontal screen in nicotine users of any form; record probing depth and, if possible, radiographic bone level, because the vasoconstriction effect is the mechanism, not a hypothesis (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186) (Bangiev et al., J Oral Maxillofac Res 2025-10-01, PMID 41756536).
• Quote the gradient, not a single study: e-cigarette users sit between never-smokers and smokers for periodontal outcomes in the pooled data (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518), and sit level with smokers for oral disease in the pooled disease-wide reanalysis (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869). Both statements need saying.
• Do not oppose nicotine e-cigarettes used for cessation. The effect size (RR 1.55 versus NRT; high certainty) and the safety picture in that review are more robust than anything in the periodontal literature (Lindson et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025-11-01, PMID 41212103). Frame the dental advice as “quit smoking, and expect to be screened more, not less, while you use the device”.
• Set expectations for recession: prevalence depends on the threshold you quote (81.1% at 1 mm vs 16.2% at 5 mm) (Marschner et al., J Dent 2025-04-01, PMID 39988303), and surgical coverage relapses gradually (Zucchelli et al., Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01, PMID 42298865). Avoid promising complete root coverage as permanent.
• Screen the household: secondhand smoke carries a periodontitis association of OR 1.47 in non-smokers, stronger when measured by biomarker (Ye et al., BMC Oral Health 2026-03-01, PMID 41772555).
• Document the marker work: salivary inflammatory markers are not yet a clinical tool — the pooled data show no clear effect and single-study inputs (Tabnjh et al., Front Oral Health 2025-01-01, PMID 40291822), and the therapy trial used them as endpoints in 40 patients (Elshiaty et al., Front Oral Health 2026-01-01, PMID 41869503).

What the evidence does not support

• That vaping is safe for periodontium. Every synthesis here found either worse outcomes than never-smoking or distinct microbial and salivary changes, and certainty being low is a statement about evidence quality, not about safety (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518) (La Rosa et al., J Clin Periodontol 2026-06-01, PMID 41856754) (Machuca-Portillo et al., J Clin Med 2026-05-01, PMID 42194847).
• That switching eliminates oral risk. For oral disease the pooled odds ratio against cigarette use is 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) — no benefit demonstrated, in a review that did find benefits for other systems (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869).
• That dual use is a reasonable compromise: pooled ORs exceeded 1 against cigarette use alone for all outcomes except fetal growth (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869).
• That quitting reverses periodontal damage long-term in the current data: benefits at three months, absent at twelve (Xie et al., Front Oral Health 2026-01-01, PMID 42591600).
• That secondhand smoke causes tooth loss: that specific pooled estimate was null (OR 1.03, 0.80 to 1.31) (Ye et al., BMC Oral Health 2026-03-01, PMID 41772555).
• That gum recession can be regrown with products: nothing verified here does it; the options are removing the cause, grafting for position, and accepting stability as the realistic outcome (Marschner et al., J Dent 2025-04-01, PMID 39988303) (Zucchelli et al., Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01, PMID 42298865).
• That snus is a harmless substitute: it is associated with recession and with gingivitis independent of plaque, even though the same review found no significant periodontitis association (Bankvall et al., Acta Odontol Scand 2026-02-01, PMID 41649495).

Frequently asked questions

My dentist says my gums bleed less now that I vape — is that good? No. The pooled and review evidence in this article shows nicotine reducing the bleeding signal while pocket depth and attachment loss are worse, so less bleeding is a warning about your screening, not about your gum health improving (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186) (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518).

Is vaping better for my teeth than smoking? For periodontal outcomes the risk sits in between; for oral disease overall, a reanalysis of 124 articles found no difference (OR 0.89, 0.78 to 1.02) (Alkattan et al., Int Dent J 2025-06-01, PMID 39863518) (Glantz et al., Public Health Rep 2026-07-01, PMID 41702869).

Will my gums recover if I quit? Prospective data show a periodontal benefit at three months that is not detectable at twelve, and the review’s own conclusion asks for longer, better studies (Xie et al., Front Oral Health 2026-01-01, PMID 42591600). Loss of attachment does not grow back; the benefit is slower progression and better treatment response.

I quit cigarettes with a vape. Should my dentist tell me to go back to smoking? No. The Cochrane review found nicotine e-cigarettes more effective than nicotine replacement for achieving abstinence (RR 1.55, 1.28 to 1.88; high-certainty) with similar adverse-event rates, which is why the correct dental advice is a quit-smoking success plus intensified periodontal surveillance (Lindson et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025-11-01, PMID 41212103).

Do nicotine pouches damage gums? The systematic review of Swedish products associates them with gingival recession (loose product worst) and with gingivitis after plaque adjustment, without finding a significant periodontitis association (Bankvall et al., Acta Odontol Scand 2026-02-01, PMID 41649495).

Can a graft fix my recession permanently? Long-term reviews report good initial coverage with gradual apical relapse, especially with an inadequate tissue phenotype (Zucchelli et al., Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01, PMID 42298865). Plan for maintenance, not for a one-off cure.

Does vaping change what my cleaning appointment should include? Yes: chart probing depths, not just bleeding, and photograph recession at baseline so your own trajectory is measurable (Aldalaeen et al., Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01, PMID 40959186) (Marschner et al., J Dent 2025-04-01, PMID 39988303).

Glossary: vape-shop words ↔ chart words

Cost, coverage, and the practical part of the advice

In Utah’s Medicaid children’s dental benefit, periodontal treatment is covered but rationed by rule, and the rules are worth knowing before you plan care: gum (periodontal) therapy including scaling and root planing is limited to one procedure per quadrant per rolling year and requires prior authorisation; periodontal maintenance is available only for members previously treated with scaling and root planing, cannot be performed within six months of another prophylaxis, is limited to once every six months, and also requires prior authorisation; limited gingivectomy or gingivoplasty is covered without prior authorisation (data as of 04 February 2026; see Additional documents). Nitrous oxide analgesia is explicitly non-covered under the dental plan, even when a dentist uses it for relaxation.

Two consequences for a patient who vapes or smokes. First, the surveillance that matters most for you — regular periodontal charting and, when indicated, maintenance intervals — sits inside frequency-limited, authorisation-gated benefits, so records and dates matter: keep your own chart of when each quadrant was instrumented. Second, the treatment that nicotine users most often need later (grafting, extensive periodontal surgery) is where private estimates appear, so asking for a written plan that names the cause you are changing (product, force, frequency) is both clinically and financially protective (Zucchelli et al., Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01, PMID 42298865) (Ferreira et al., Eur Oral Res 2026-01-01, PMID 41659150).

How this page was built, and what it cannot tell you

We searched Europe PMC for systematic reviews, meta-analyses and Cochrane reviews covering e-cigarettes, tobacco and periodontal outcomes, then retrieved each record programmatically (authors, journal, volume, issue, pages, DOI, open-access flag, citation count) and quoted only figures printed in the fetched abstracts, including the sources’ own certainty ratings. Where a review’s pooled interval crosses or touches one, we say so; where the number of contributing studies for a given marker is one or two, we say that too, because in this field several “no effect” results are actually “almost no data”.

What this page cannot tell you: your own periodontal status (that needs six-point charting per tooth and, usually, radiographs); whether your product or your brushing force is doing more damage; how long you can vape before measurable change; what your plan will reimburse for grafting; and whether the low-certainty youth findings generalise to your 16-year-old. What it can tell you is the direction, the size where the data allow it, and where the honest answer is “not yet measured”.

Sources

Peer-reviewed evidence

• Alkattan R, Tashkandi N, Mirdad A, Ali HT, Alshibani N, Allam E. Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int Dent J 2025-06-01;75(3):2014-2024. doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.12.036 · PMID 39863518 · PMCID PMC12142770 · open access · cited by 6 (Europe PMC)
• Marschner F, Lechte C, Kanzow P, Hraský V, Pfister W. Systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and risk factors for gingival recession. J Dent 2025-04-01;155():105645. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105645 · PMID 39988303 · cited by 10 (Europe PMC)
• Tabnjh AK, Alizadehgharib S, Campus G, Lingström P. The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oral Health 2025-01-01;6():1569806. doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1569806 · PMID 40291822 · PMCID PMC12021849 · open access · cited by 4 (Europe PMC)
• Aldalaeen MO, Haddad RH, Alhusamiah BK, Abuejheisheh AJ. The Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Vaping Use on the Development and Progression of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review. Health Sci Rep 2025-09-01;8(9):e71245. doi:10.1002/hsr2.71245 · PMID 40959186 · PMCID PMC12434186 · open access · cited by 4 (Europe PMC)
• Lindson N, Livingstone-Banks J, Butler AR, McRobbie H, Bullen CR, Hajek P, Wu AD, Begh R, Theodoulou A, Notley C, Rigotti NA, Turner T, Fanshawe T, Hartmann-Boyce J. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025-11-01;11():CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub10 · PMID 41212103 · PMCID PMC12599494 · open access · cited by 20 (Europe PMC)
• Bankvall M, Jontell M. Swedish smokeless tobacco and its impact on oral health: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 2026-02-01;85():84-95. doi:10.2340/aos.v85.45421 · PMID 41649495 · PMCID PMC12892112 · open access
• Ferreira A, Trigo Cabral C, Fonseca E, Relvas M. Prevalence of gingival recession in university students: a systematic review. Eur Oral Res 2026-01-01;60(1):1-10. doi:10.26650/eor.2025152900 · PMID 41659150 · PMCID PMC12877772 · open access
• Glantz SA, Oliveira da Silva AL. Comparison of e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use and Dual Use Associations With Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Public Health Rep 2026-07-01;141(4):509-523. doi:10.1177/00333549251403349 · PMID 41702869 · PMCID PMC12916339 · cited by 2 (Europe PMC)
• Bangiev L, Lubotcky I, Lugassy AY, Mizrahi LB, Roubinov T, Juodžbalys G. The Impact of Cigarette Smoking, Waterpipe Smoking, and E-Cigarette Vaping on Peri-Implant Clinical Outcomes and Inflammatory Markers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2025-10-01;16(4):e1. doi:10.5037/jomr.2025.16401 · PMID 41756536 · PMCID PMC12933246 · open access · cited by 1 (Europe PMC)
• Ye F, Jiang Q, Zhang S. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis in non-smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2026-03-01;26(1):602. doi:10.1186/s12903-026-08025-y · PMID 41772555 · PMCID PMC13063587 · open access
• La Rosa GRM, Samaranayake LP, Zaura E, Sun A, Fuochi V, Furneri PM, Kowalski J, Myszel K, Chapple I, Polosa R. Impact of Electronic Cigarette Use on the Oral Microbiota: A Systematic Review. J Clin Periodontol 2026-06-01;53(6):956-985. doi:10.1111/jcpe.70111 · PMID 41856754 · PMCID PMC13167625 · open access
• Elshiaty NM, Al-Zubaidi SM, El Demerdash FH, Elkholy H, Gamal AY. Effect of minimally invasive non-surgical periodontal therapy in former smokers with periodontitis on salivary IL-1β and PGE-2 profile. Front Oral Health 2026-01-01;7():1779330. doi:10.3389/froh.2026.1779330 · PMID 41869503 · PMCID PMC12999956 · open access
• Kumar PS, Beverly ML, Galindo-Fernandez P, Thompson W, Verma M, Shick E. To Vape or Not to Vape: Oral Health in the Age of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems. Int Dent J 2026-06-01;76(3):109523. doi:10.1016/j.identj.2026.109523 · PMID 41932095 · PMCID PMC13085071 · open access · cited by 1 (Europe PMC)
• Tran J, Bendotti H, Vandeleur M. Associations Between Oral Health Related Outcomes and Electronic Cigarette Use in Young People: A Scoping Review. Int J Paediatr Dent 2026-07-01;36(4):577-584. doi:10.1111/ipd.70090 · PMID 41992606 · PMCID PMC13278668 · open access · cited by 1 (Europe PMC)
• Machuca-Portillo C, Caleza-Jiménez C, Suárez-Marchena C, Chandler-Gutiérrez L, Relimpio-Pérez P, Barra-Soto MJ, Valle LL, Segura-Egea JJ. Association Between E-Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Oral Health in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2026-05-01;15(10):3886. doi:10.3390/jcm15103886 · PMID 42194847 · PMCID PMC13206924 · open access
• Zucchelli G, Mounssif I, Mazzotti C, Bianchelli D, Bentivogli V, Marzadori M, Sangiorgi M, Zucchelli A, Mele M, Stefanini M. Long-term stability of periodontal plastic surgery featuring traditional autogenous graft and coronally advanced flap alone. Periodontol 2000 2026-06-01;. doi:10.1111/prd.70059 · PMID 42298865
• Xie Y, Ma Y, Geng Z, Zhao H, Li X, Wang L, Yan P, Jiang X, Zhang M. Association between smoking cessation and periodontitis progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Front Oral Health 2026-01-01;7():1900393. doi:10.3389/froh.2026.1900393 · PMID 42591600

Additional documents

• InsureKidsNow (CMS). Summary of Benefits Report for Utah, Medicaid — dental (data as of 04 Feb 2026) — gum (periodontal) therapy including scaling and root planing requires prior authorisation and is limited to one procedure per quadrant per rolling year; periodontal maintenance only for members previously treated with SRP, not within six months of another prophylaxis, limited to once every six months and requires prior authorisation; limited gingivectomy/gingivoplasty covered without prior authorisation; nitrous oxide analgesia explicitly non-covered (PDF)

Bibliographic records above were retrieved and verified programmatically from Europe PMC (authors, journal, volume, pages, DOI, PMID, citation count). Coverage, guideline and regulatory statements are quoted from the cited public documents with their dates; verify against the current version before relying on them. This article is not medical or dental advice.